Class-11 || Algorithm of Simple Interest

 Simple Interest Algorithm

Step1 :- Start

Step2 :- store 10 into P, 2 into N, 3 into R

Step3 :- calculate si=P*N*R/100

Step4 :- Print the value of Simple Interest

Step5 :- Stop

Human Science || Health Care || About Physiotherapy Concept!

Physiotherapy as described by World Physiotherapy is a health care profession concerned with human function and movement and maximising physical potential.

Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is one of the allied health professions.

It is provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through physical examination, diagnosis, prognosis, patient education, physical intervention, rehabilitation, disease prevention, and health promotion.

Class-09 | Chapter-2 | The Adventures of Toto | Moment | Questions Answer Solutions!

Questions and Answers

Q.1. How does Toto come to grandfather’s private zoo ?

 Ans. A tanga-driver used to keep a little’red monkey tied to a feeding trough. Grandfather buys the monkey from the tanga-driver for five rupees. He brings it home and names it Toto. In this way, Toto comes to grandfather’s private zoo.

प्रश्न 1. टोटो दादाजी के निजी चिड़ियाघर में कैसे आता है ?

 उत्तर। एक तांगा-चालक एक छोटे से लाल बंदर को चारागाह से बांधकर रखता था। दादाजी ने बंदर को तांगा-चालक से पांच रुपये में खरीदा। वह इसे घर लाता है और इसे टोटो नाम देता है। इस तरह टोटो दादा के निजी चिड़ियाघर में आ जाता है।

Q.2. “Tota was a pretty monkey.” In what sense is Toto pretty?

 Ans. Toto is a pretty monkey. He has bright eyes which always sparkle with mischief. He has white teeth like pearls. He often displays them in a smile. He has a long tail which serves him as a third hand.

प्रश्न 2. "तोता एक सुंदर बंदर था।" टोटो किस अर्थ में सुंदर है?

 उत्तर। टोटो एक सुंदर बंदर है। उनकी तेज आंखें हैं जो हमेशा शरारतों से चमकती रहती हैं। उसके मोती जैसे सफेद दांत हैं। वह अक्सर उन्हें एक मुस्कान में प्रदर्शित करता है। उसकी एक लंबी पूंछ है जो उसे तीसरे हाथ के रूप में कार्य करती है।

Q.3. Why does grandfather take Toto to Saharanpur and how? Why does the ticket collector insi on calling ‘Toto a dog? 

Ans. Tota did not allow other animals to sleep in peace at home. Secondly, his presence in the house was still a secret. So grandfather takes Toto to Saharanpur with him. He takes him in a train. The ticket-collector wants grandfather to pay for the monkey’s ticket. So he insists on calling him a dog.

प्रश्न 3. दादा टोटो को सहारनपुर क्यों ले जाते हैं और कैसे? टिकट कलेक्टर 'टोटो को कुत्ता' कहने पर क्यों जोर देता है?

उत्तर। तोता घर में दूसरे जानवरों को चैन से नहीं सोने देता था। दूसरे, घर में उनकी उपस्थिति अभी भी एक रहस्य थी। तो दादा टोटो को अपने साथ सहारनपुर ले जाते हैं। वह उसे ट्रेन में ले जाता है। टिकट-कलेक्टर चाहता है कि दादाजी बंदर के टिकट के लिए भुगतान करें। इसलिए वह उसे कुत्ता कहने की जिद करता है।

Q.4. How does Toto take a bath? Where has he learnt to do this? How does Toto almost boil himself alive?

Ans. During cold winter Toto is habitual of taking bath in hot water. Firstly he tests the temperature of the water. Then he carefully steps into the bath. He has learnt to do this by watching grandfather taking bath in the same way. One day he enters a large kitchen kettle which had been left on the fire to boil for tea. Soon the water starts boiling. Finding it cold outside, he starts jumping. Grandmother arrives and takes him out of the kettle half boiled.

प्रश्न 4. टोटो कैसे नहाता है? उसने ऐसा करना कहाँ सीखा है? टोटो लगभग खुद को जिंदा कैसे उबाल लेता है?

उत्तर। ठंड के मौसम में टोटो को गर्म पानी से नहाने की आदत होती है। सबसे पहले वह पानी के तापमान की जांच करता है। फिर वह ध्यान से स्नान में कदम रखता है। दादाजी को इसी तरह नहाते देख उसने ऐसा करना सीखा है। एक दिन वह एक बड़ी रसोई की केतली में प्रवेश करता है जिसे चाय के लिए उबालने के लिए आग पर छोड़ दिया गया था। जल्द ही पानी उबलने लगता है। बाहर ठंड देखकर वह कूदने लगता है। दादी आती हैं और उन्हें आधी उबली केतली से बाहर निकालती हैं।

Q.5. Why does the author say, `Toto was not the sort of pet we could keep for long’?

 

 Ans. Toto was a very mischievous monkey. He had been doing many topsy-turvy-things irr the house. He was always tearing things to pieces. He had broken many costly dishes in the house. The author finds it difficult for his family to afford the frequent joss of dishes. So he says, `Toto was not the sort of pet we could keep for long.’

प्रश्न 5. लेखक क्यों कहता है, 'टोटो उस तरह का पालतू जानवर नहीं था जिसे हम लंबे समय तक रख सकते थे'?

 उत्तर। टोटो बहुत शरारती बंदर था। वह घर में कई उलट-पुलट कर रहा था। वह हमेशा चीजों को टुकड़े-टुकड़े कर देता था। उसने घर में कई कीमती बर्तन तोड़े थे। लेखक को अपने परिवार के लिए व्यंजनों का बार-बार आनंद उठाने में कठिनाई होती है। तो वे कहते हैं, 'टोटो उस तरह का पालतू जानवर नहीं था जिसे हम लंबे समय तक रख सकें।

Class-11 | C++ Concept | Computer Science | Questions Answer Solutions!

 1. What is the purpose of a header file in a program?

Ans. Header files provide function prototypes, definitions of library functions, declaration of data types and constants used with the library functions.

2. What main integer types are offered by C++?

Ans. C++ offered three types of integers : short, int and long. Each comes in both signed and unsigned versions.

3. Explain the usage of following with the help of an example:

(i) constant (ii) reference (iii) variable (iv) union

Ans. (i) constant: The keyword const can be added to the declaration of an object to make that object a constant rather

than a variable. Thus, the value of the named constant cannot be altered during the program run. The general form of

constant declaration is as follows: const type name = value. Example: const int a=10;

(ii) reference: A reference is an alternative name for an object. 

A reference variable provides an alias for a previously defined variable. 

The general form of declaring a reference variable is: 

Type &ref-var = var-name;

where type is any valid c++ data type, ref-var is the name of reference variable that will point to variable denoted by

var-name. Example:

int total;

int &sum=total;

total=100;

cout<<"Sum="<<sum<<"\n";

cout<<"Total="<<total<<"\n";

In above code both the variables refer to the same data object in the memory, thus, print the same value.

(iii) variable: Variables represent named storage locations whose value can be manipulated during program run.

Variables are generally declared as: type name; where type is any C++ data type and name is the variable name. A

variable can be initialized either by a separate assignment statement following its declaration as shown below:

int age; age = 10;

(iv) union: A union is a memory location that is shared by two or more different variables, generally of different types

at different times. Defining a union is similar to defining a structure. Following of declaration declares a union share

having two variables and creates a union object cnvt of union type share:

union share{

int i;

char ch;

};

union share cnvt;

union can referred to the data stored in cnvt as either an integer or character. To assign the integer 20 to element i of

cnvt, write - cnvt.i = 20; 

To print the value of element ch of cnvt,

 write - cout<<cnvt.ch;

5. What is the difference between fundamental data types and derived data types? Explain with examples.

Ans. Fundamental data types                                    

1) These are the data types that are not composed of any other data type.

2) There are five fundamental data types: char, int, float, double and void.

3) Example: int a=10; float b; 

 Derived data types

1) These are tha data types that are composed of fundamental data types.

2) These are: array, function, pointer, reference, constant, class, structure, union and enumeration.

3) Example: float marks[50]; Const int a=5;

5. How many ways can a variable be initialized into? Give examples for each type of initialization.

Ans. A variable can be initialized into two ways as following:

(i) By separate assignment statement: Example: int age;

age = 10;

(ii) At the time of declaration: Example: int age = 10;

(iii) Dynamic initialization: Example: float avg = sum/count;

6. How are the following two statements different?

char pcode = 75;

char pcode = ‘K’;

Ans. The first statement treats 75 as ascii value and converts it into its relative character ‘K’ whereas second statement

stores character ‘K’ and does not make any conversion.

7. How are the following two statements different?

char pcode = 75; short pcode = 75;

Ans. The first statement treats 75 as ascii value and converts it into its relative character ‘K’ whereas second statement

treats 75 as number.

8. If value is an identifier of int type and is holding value 200, is the following statement correct?

char code = value

Ans. VALID Statement

9. The data type double is another floating-point type. Then why is it treated as a distinct data type?

Ans. The data type double is treated as a distinct data type because it occupies twice as much memory as type float, and

stores floating-point numbers with much larger range and precision. It stands for double precision floating-point. It is

used when type float is too small or insufficiently precise.

10. Explain the impact of access modifier const over variables. Support your answer with examples.

Ans. The access modifier const can be added to the declaration of an object to make that object a constant rather than a

variable. Thus, the value of the named constant cannot be altered during the program run whereas the value of the

variable can be changed during the program run.

Example: void main()

{

const int a=10;

int b=20;

a++;

cout<<"a="<<a;

b++;

cout<<"b="<<b;

}

11. What are arithmetic operators in C++? Distinguish between unary and binary arithmetic operators. Give examples for each of them.

Ans. Following are the arithmetic operators in C++: addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*), division(/) and reminder(%).

Unary arithmetic operators 

1) Unary Operators has only one operand.

2) The Unary Operators are ++,--,&,*,+, - etc.

3) Example: short x = 987; x = -x;

Binary arithmetic operators

1) Binary operators (”bi” as in “two”) have two operands

2) The +, -, &&, <<, ==, >> etc. are binary operators.

3) Example: int x, y = 5, z;

z = 10;

x = y + z;

12. What is the function of increment/decrement operators? How many varieties do they come in? How are these two varieties different from one another?

Ans. The increment operator, ++ adds 1 to its operand and the decrement operator -- subtract 1 from its operands.

The increment/decrement operator comes in two varieties as following: (i) Prefix version and (ii) Postfix version:

Prefix version 

1) Performs the increment or decrement operation before using the value of the operand.

2) 

Example: sum = 10;

ctr = 5;

sum = sum + (++ctr);

Postfix version

1) First uses the value of the operand in evaluating the expression before incrementing or decrementing the operand’s value.

2)

Example: sum = 10;

ctr = 5;

sum = sum + (ctr++);

Class--11 | C++ Concept | Computer Science!

Overview of C++

KEY POINTS:

Introduction to C++

 C++ is the successor of C language & developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories,

New Jersey in 1979.

Tokens- smallest individual unit. Following are the tokens

 Keyword-Reserve word that can‘t be used as identifier

 Identifiers-Names given to any variable, function, class, union etc.

 Literals-Value of specific data type

 Variable- memory block of certain size where value can be stored and changed.

 Constant- memory block where value can be stored once but can‘t changed later on

 Operator – performs some action on data

o Arithmetic(+,-,*,/,%)

o Relational/comparison (<,>,<=,>=,==,!=).

o Logical(AND(&&),OR(||),NOT(!).

o Conditional (? :)

o Increment/Decrement Operators( ++/--)

 Precedence of operators:

++(post increment),--(post decrement) Highest

Low

++(pre increment),--(pre decrement),sizeof !(not),-(unary),+unary plus)

*(multiply), / (divide), %(modulus)

+(add),-(subtract)

<(less than),<=(less than or equal),>(greater than), >=(greater than or equal to)

==(equal),!=(not equal)

&& (logical AND)

||(logical OR)

?:(conditional expression)

=(simple assignment) and other assignment operators(arithmetic assignment

operator)

, Comma operator

Data type- A specifier to create memory block of some specific size and type. For example –

int,float,double,char etc.

cout – It is an object of ostream_withassign class defined in iostream.h header file and used to

display value on monitor.

cin – It is an object of istream_withassign class defined in iostream.h header file and used to read

value from keyboard for specific variable.

comment- Used for better understanding of program statements and escaped by the compiler to

compile . e.g. – single line (//) and multi line(/*….*/)

Control structure :

Sequence

control

statement(if)

conditional

statement

(if else)

case control statement

(switch case)

loop control statement

(while ,do… while, for)

Syntax Syntax Syntax Syntax

if(expression)

{

statements;

}

If(expression)

{

statements;

}

else

{

statements;

}

switch(integral expression)

{case (int const expr1):

[statements

break;]

case (int const expr2):

[statements,

break;]

default:Statements;}

while(expression)

{statements;}

do ….while loop

do

{statement;} while(expression);

for loop

for(expression1;expression2;expression3)

{statement;}

Note: any non-zero value of an expression is treated as true and exactly 0 (i.e. all bits contain

0) is treated as false.

Nested loop -loop within loop.

5

exit()- defined in process.h and used to leave from the program.

break- exit from the current loop.

continue- to skip the remaining statements of the current loop and passes control to the next loop

control statement.

goto- control is unconditionally transferred to the location of local label specified by <identifier>.

For example

A1:

cout<<‖test‖;

goto A1;

Some Standard C++ libraries

Header Nome Purpose

iostream.h Defines stream classes for input/output streams

stdio.h Standard input and output

ctype.h Character tests

string.h String operations

math.h Mathematical functions such as sin() and cos()

stdlib.h Utility functions such as malloc() and rand()

Some functions

 isalpha(c)-check whether the argument is alphabetic or not.

 islower(c)- check whether the argument is lowecase or not.

 isupper(c) - check whether the argument is upercase or not.

 isdigit(c)- check whether the argument is digit or not.

 isalnum(c)- check whether the argument is alphanumeric or not.

 tolower()-converts argument in lowercase if its argument is a letter.

 toupper(c)- converts argument in uppercase if its argument is a letter.

 strcat()- concatenates two string.

 strcmp-compare two string.

 pow(x,y)-return x raised to power y.

 sqrt(x)-return square root of x.

 random(num)-return a random number between 0 and (num-1)

 randomize- initializes the random number generator with a random value.

Array- Collection of element of same type that are referred by a common name.

One Dimension array

 An array is a continuous memory location holding similar type of data in single row or single

column

Two dimensional array

 A two diamensional array is a continuous memory location holding similar type of data in of

both row sand columns (like a matrix structure).

Function -Self-contained block of code that does some specific task and may return a value.

Function prototypes-Function declaration that specifies the function name, return type and

parameter list of the function.

syntax: return_type function_name(type var1,type var2,….,type varn );

Passing value to function-

 Passing by value

 Passing by address/reference

Function overloading

 Processing of two or more functions having same name but different list of parameters

Function recursion

 Function that call itself either directly or indirectly.

Local variables

 Declared inside the function.

Global variables

 Declared outside all braces { } in a program

Actual Parameters

Variables associated with function name during function call statement.

Formal Parameters

Variables which contains copy of actual parameters inside the function definition.

6

Structure-Collection of logically related different data types (Primitive and Derived) referenced under

one name.

Nested structure

 A Structure definition within another structure.

 A structure containing object of another structure.

typedef

 Used to define new data type name

#define Directives

 Use to define a constant number or macro or to replace an instruction.

Inline Function

 Inline functions are functions where the call is made to inline functions, the actual code then

gets placed in the calling program.

 What happens when an inline function is written?

 The inline function takes the format as a normal function but when it is compiled it is compiled

as inline code. The function is placed separately as inline function, thus adding readability to

the source program. When the program is compiled, the code present in function body is

replaced in the place of function call.

General Format of inline Function:

The general format of inline function is as follows:

inline datatype function_name(arguments)

inline int MyClass( )

Example:

#include <iostream.h>

int MyClass(int);

void main( )

{int x;

cout << ―\n Enter the Input Value: ‖;

cin>>x;

cout<<‖\n The Output is: ― << MyClass(x);

}

inline int MyClass(int x1)

{return 5*x1;}

The output of the above program is:

Enter the Input Value: 10

The Output is: 50

The output would be the same even when the inline function is written solely as a function.

The concept, however, is different. When the program is compiled, the code present in the

inline function MyClass ( ) is replaced in the place of function call in the calling program. The

concept of inline function is used in this example because the function is a small line of code.

The above example, when compiled, would have the structure as follows:

#include <iostream.h>

int MyClass(int);

void main( )

{int x;

cout << ―\n Enter the Input Value: ‖; cin>>x;

//The MyClass(x) gets replaced with code return 5*x1;

cout<<‖\n The Output is: ― << MyClass(x);

}

#include <iostream.h>

int MyClass(int);

void main( )

{int x;

cout << ―\n Enter the Input Value: ‖;

cin>>x;

//Call is made to the function MyClass

7

cout<<‖\n The Output is: ― << MyClass(x);

}

int MyClass(int x1)

{return 5*x1;}

Class-04 | Chapter-6 | Formatting in MS Word!

 1) What is Formatting?

Answer | Formatting means to make the document more attractive by changing the font style, font size, font type etc.

2) What is the short cut key for making text underline?

Answer | Ctrl + U

3) What is the short cut command for pasting object?

Answer | Ctrl + V

4) What are bullets and numbers?

Answer | Bullets and numbers are added before the text.

B) Tick the correct answer:

1) It makes the text darker than the normal text.

Answer | b. Bold

2) It makes the text appears below the line.

Answer | c. Subscript

3) It means to show the text selected with different Colors.

Answer | c. Formatting Text

4) It means the change the position of the text in the document.

Answer | c. Alignment

5) It align the text evenly from both left and right margin.

Answer | c. Justify Alignment

C) Fill in the blanks:

1) Formatting

2) Mini toolbar

3) Character Formatting and Paragraph Formatting

4) Centre Alignment

5) Bullets or numbers

D) True / False Statements!

1) False

2) True

3) True

4) False

5) False

E) Short Key to do the following:

1) Make text bold Ctrl + B

2) To underline text Ctrl + U

3) To make text italics Ctrl + I

4) To make text superscript Ctrl + Shift + =

5) To make text subscript Ctrl + =

6) To copy format Ctrl + Shift + C

7) To Paste format Ctrl + Shift + V

G) Answer the following questions:-

1) What do you mean by formatting?

Answer | Formatting means to make the document more attractive by changing the font style, font size, font type etc.

2) Define the formatting tools.

Answer | Formatting tools is used to format the text like bold, italic, underline and etc.

3) Describe text alignment?

Answer | Text alignment means to change the position of the text in the document.

4) What do you mean by highlighting text?

Answer | Highlighting text means to show the text selected with different Colors.

5) Differentiate between subscript and super script?

Answer | Subscript makes the text appears below the line. while superscript makes the text appears above the line.

Class-5 | Ch-5 Introduction to MS-PowerPoint

 A) Oral Questions

1) What is MS-PowerPoint?

Answer | MS PowerPoint is a Presentation Software that present our information in a presentation format on series of slides.

2) What are placeholders?

Answer | Placeholders are used to add the information.

3) What is the use of outline pane?

Answer | The use of outline pane for designing and organising the content of presentation.

4) What do you mean by alignment?

Answer | Alignment means to change the position of the text.

B)Tick the Correct answer:

1) This software presents our information in a presentable format on series of slides.

Answer | c) Presentation

2) It is used to add elements like text, graphics, movies and sound in the slide.

Answer | Slide Pane

3) In this view, all slides can be seen all together.

Answer | Slide sorter view

4) In this view, you can type your own notes and take printout.

Answer | Notes Page View

5) In this view, the presentation is displayed as slide show that fits within window.

Answer | Reading View

C) Fill in the blanks:

1) Presentation

2) Slide

3) Outline Pane

4) Slide show View

5) Smart Art Graphics

D) True/False Statements

1) False

2) True

3) True

4) False

5)True

E) Match the Following:

1) Slides-->c

2) Notes Pane -->d

3) Place holders -->e

4) Slide Layout -->b

5) SmartArt-->a

F) Answer the following questions:

1) What is the importance of a presentation?

Answer | The importance of a presentation to viewed on a projector by attaching the computer.

2) What is the use of place holder?

Answer | The use of place holder to add information on it.

3) What is Slide Layout?

Answer | Slide Layout appears in slide panel that can be changes and arrange the slide content.

4) What is slide in presentation?

Answer | Slide is the main screen of the power point window.

5) Define Normal View?

Answer | Normal view allowed to write and design a presentation. It contains four working areas.

Class-06 | Chapter-7 | Computer Virus

4) Answer these questions:

a) What is a Computer Virus?

Answer | A Computer Virus is a Program or a Piece of Code that is loaded on to your computer without your knowledge.

b) What are the symptoms of a computer infected with viruses?

Answer | The symptoms of a computer infected with viruses are:-

1) New files or folder appearing on system.

2) Program size keep changing.

c) Name any two types of computer viruses.

Answer | There are two types of computer viruses are :-1) Program Viruse 2) Boot Virus

d)What are e-mail viruses?

Answer | E-mail viruses use email messages to spread. An email virus automatically forward itself to thousands of people.

e) Name any three anti-virus software.

Answer | The three antivirus software are:- 1) Kaspersky 2) Quick Heal 3) McAfee